Tag Archives: Stock Market

The Underlying Strength of the Economy Is Unchanged

The underlying strength of the market has not changed. The pandemic is likely to end soon, perhaps by Memorial Day. Disbursement of the just passed $1.9 trillion stimulus is pending, with an additional likely $2.2 trillion coming with Biden’s just proposed American Jobs Plan to be spent over the next 10 years. Finally, the Fed remains committed to keeping rates low until they can persistently hit the inflation target of 2%.

With rising inflation concerns and a 4th COVID wave, crosscurrents made it a bumpy ride. At the end of the first quarter of 2021 the S&P 500 gained about 6.2%. I will spare you the economic scenario analysis and leave it at this. The long-term trend is up, but the short-term is impossible to know. I think the US equity markets are about 5% overvalued. Given the amount of stimulus and the fading pandemic, valuation is not a big concern.

Press On

Last year we wondered about the biggest risk to the markets. Was it the threat of persistent low-interest rates and the implied inflation threat, Government budget deficits, tax hikes, or valuations? Media and headlines covered pundits’ messages illustrating what could go wrong.

In retrospect, none of that mattered. The problem was something no one talked about because no one knew about it. A virus-induced pandemic ensued and led to a shutdown of large parts of the economy.

The important takeaway is that the greatest risk might be what you do not see coming. If you are not aware, it is hard to prepare. However, I will point out one more time that I covered the bases by listing plagues among several caveats to my sanguine outlook.

Like earthquakes in California, you know they will happen. You will not know when. In the stock market, we seem to have a big one, a 40 to 50% decline, about once every 10 years. We also average about two recessions every 10 years. Despite dramatic declines, the long-term trend continues up as billions of people around the world get up every morning to do something productive to improve their lives.

I do not know when the market will go down, but history shows that it always comes back. Most of the time recoveries occur within a few years if not months. Some risks are more apparent than others. But for whatever the reason for a correction, the important thing is to avoid selling into a distressed market.

Source Yahoo Finance, S&P 500 Total Return 1/1928 to 1/2021, Monthly, Log Scale

Planning requires anticipating how much money you are likely to need from your portfolio and reducing risk in part of your portfolio to reduce your potential need to sell in a distressed stock market.

Now what about 2021? The 5 key drivers of current market strength include Federal fiscal stimulus, vaccine rollout, divided government, dovish monetary policy, and no double-dip recession. Each of these factors favor continued gains, but none is certain. Near term, I can make the case that the market is on the expensive side. I do not think the options (cash, bonds, hard assets, real estate) are more attractive on a risk-adjusted basis.

As Calvin Coolidge observed, “Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The slogan Press On! has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race.” I remain focused on long-term value creation.

With 2020 behind us, we’ll press on.

Investing involves risk, including loss of principal. Past performance does not guarantee future returns.

About That Little Correction

I attribute every stock market correction or bear market to one of two reasons. Either valuations were too high and needed to correct to reconnect valuations with reality, or there could be a real-world problem (pandemic, war, recession, taxes, regulation, rising interest rates, etc.) that creates concern about the value of future cash flows.

In my last quarterly update from July 1, I observed, “Near term, the market does not seem to have a lot of upside until we have a Covid-19 vaccine.” Now we know how bad I missed on that prediction. The S&P 500 rallied 14.9% from July 1 to September 2, with the help of the best August returns in about 30 years.

Using the Morningstar Market Valuation chart, the market was about 1% overvalued on July 1. Earnings in July and August were strong, and analysts’ estimates moved higher. Still, by September 2, the chart indicated that the market was overvalued by 8%. The greater the variance of the market from fair value, the more likely the market price is to correct to the analysts’ more rational view. That is what just happened. As of the close on September 8, the market was back to 1% over fair value. However, the S&P 500 was still 6.9% higher than on July 1, when the quarter started. The difference is that earnings exceeded analysts’ estimates and fair value estimates were adjusted accordingly.

What does this mean? It means we need to buckle up for the ride, considering all the reasons to run for the hills. Volatility will not hurt you. As I described, that uncomfortable market experience you just had made you better off. Today the S&P 500 tacked on another 2.01% gain to rebound from part of the correction. That puts us about 3% over fair value, but well within the normal range. For reference, I usually cite 10% above or below fair value as a level to make tactical allocation adjustments, sometimes called market timing, because I think risk becomes materially asymmetric.

Let’s hope the 3rd quarter ends on a good note.

Investing involves risk, including loss of principal. Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Sources include Yahoo Finance and Morningstar.

We Had a Good Year, Now What?

We finished a strong year, but perhaps not as strong as the numbers appear. Remember, we started from a low point after the market tanked in the 4th quarter of 2018 when the market decided the Fed was tightening too fast. The Fed reversed course, and after a few zig-zags rallied to finish strong.
I look for the stock market to return around 10% per year ON AVERAGE. Rarely does it go up 10% in any given year. It seems to be either +20% or more or -10% to flat. Furthermore, on average it goes up about 2 out of 3 years. That means it goes DOWN about 1 in every 3 years. We emphasize planning for liquidity to reduce the need to sell when the market is down. Financial planning helps define when, and how much you expect to need from your portfolio, at least for major events you can plan for.
A good year in the market does not change affect the probability that the next year will be up or down. Much like flipping a coin, the market has no memory. The market reflects what is known and expected at any given time. You can’t time the market and go to cash after years the market goes up by more than average and expect to improve the odds. That’s the gambler’s fallacy.
I view the current rally as a high risk, risk-on market. The rally is high risk because it occurred while 3 significant geopolitical events were happening: impeachment, trade war, and Brexit. A negative outcome from the market’s perspective in any one of these events could have precipitated a market correction. The trade war and Brexit appear to be moving toward a positive direction. Although pro-business Trump has been impeached by the House, the market appears to discount the possibility of conviction in the Senate.
Where do we go from here? The key variables include interest rates, valuation, and earnings. Economic indicators point to continued slow expansion rather than recession. Generous valuation is a function of low interest rates. Low interest rates coupled with continuing slow expansion can sustain current valuations. The wild card seems to be inflation. Although there is little indication that it will accelerate, it is notoriously hard to predict. The Fed wants higher inflation, and inflation could erase some Government debt (they pay it off with cheaper dollars). The Government would benefit from higher inflation. Inflation drives long-term interest rates and that would challenge valuations. Fortunately, as the last 10 years indicate, it is hard to generate inflation without stronger growth, but faster growth would help offset the effect of higher interest rates.
This starts to look like a circular argument, and that’s good news. Much like Newton’s Third Law, for every force there is an equal and opposite force, the economic forces driving markets tend to revert to long term averages. However, caveats include non-economic events such as wars, plagues, systemic failure, and meteor strikes. Sleep well!

Quarterly Update – 1Q19

The market peaked in early October, 2018, and came very close to the official 20% decline that defines an official “bear market.” The real issue is not the depth of the decline, but how long it takes to recover. After the market roared back (+13.06%) in the first quarter, we are nearly there.

Last quarter I shared a chart I use, that indicated the market was valued at 88% of fair value. Today, that reading is about 98%. There is a natural regression to fair value. We’re about where we are supposed to be, not cheap but not too expensive.

There has been a lot of talk in the media about the “yield curve” and what that means about recession risk. I wrote a blog post on the issue the day the curve inverted on March 22. Link here: https://www.daltonfin.com/2019/03/22/what-volatility-looks-like/.  Sure enough, the inversion was transient, with the 3-month T-Bill currently at 2.4% and the 10-year Treasury Note at 2.41%, virtually flat.

(Caution –  the next 2 paragraphs are on the wonky side)

The spread between the 10 and 2-Year Treasury is Worth Watching. When it goes negative, it is inverted.

The main problem with conventional yield curve analysis is that current conditions are a lot different from past circumstances, after 10 years of central bank intervention. The absolute level of interest rates has not been this low in any prior inversion analysis. To illustrate why this is important, consider an economy with no inflation. If the interest rate is the price of money, how much would you need to be paid to lend your money to the U.S. Federal Government? Now, add that rate to the expected inflation rate to get the level that the 3-month T-Bill should yield today in a normalized environment. Anything short of that is like a morphine drip to the economy. The Fed is trying to wean us, but that requires balancing the market’s tantrums (see December) which can become a self-fulfilling prophecy if a stock market decline causes a slow-down.

The Fed only controls the short end of the curve. The market controls the long end. When bond traders bet the Fed will cut rates, they buy the long end because interest rate changes compound and prices move inversely to rates. Increased demand on the long end causes long rates to fall. The greater concern is when the Fed starts cutting short rates. That signals trouble because they have more information than anyone else. What does the Fed do when they see trouble? They cut short rates to juice the economy. The problem is, there’s usually trouble on the horizon when that happens. The good news? That’s not the case today.

Volatility is the price of equity returns. We can manage risk if we understand your liquidity requirements. If we can anticipate distributions, we can reduce or eliminate the possibility of being forced to sell when the market is cheap. That’s what converts a temporary loss of capital a permanent loss.

What Volatility Looks Like

It is hard to fathom the sway in sentiment from yesterday to today. Yesterday markets soared despite Biogen’s dismal news about a failed clinical trial that caused it to drop about 29%. Markets closed up strongly (S&P 500 +1.09%). Market analysts attributed the broad market strength to investors getting more comfortable with the Fed’s dovish stance.

Today, alarm bells went off because the yield curve inverted. This shouldn’t surprise anyone. The curve has been flattening for a while. The gap between the 3-month and 10-years yields is viewed as a leading indicator. It will be important to see if the inversion persists. The indicator’s success rate as a recession predictor increases when the inversion lasts more than 10 days. This is day 1. That was enough to send the S&P 500 back down -1.9%.

At the end of the day, there is no material, fundamental change. Sentiment changed, and that creates volatility.

Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. Past performance is not a guarantee of future returns.

Zoom Out

Time brings perspective, and now might be a good time to reflect on that. This month has been exhausting for investors. The damage is relative. If you invested last month and need to sell now, you might have a problem. But if you are a prudent investor with a 3 to 5-year time horizon, I think you’ll be just fine. This is normal volatility. For perspective, consider the following views of the S&P 500.

First, consider how you feel. The chart below shows a 5-day view. Pretty lousy, huh?

Next, we’ll zoom out to a 3-month view. Not much better.

Now let’s see how the index has done over the past 12 months.

As the above chart shows, it has been like a roller coaster, but it is still positive. Now let’s zoom out to the 2-year view. I think most investors would be pleased with the 29% gain they would have received from the SPY, an ETF that tracks the total return of the S&P 500 including dividends. These charts show just the index, excluding dividends.

Finally, here’s the 5-year view that shows the accumulation of retained earnings created by millions of people going to work every day. This is more like it. Now our scary stock market looks more like a not so uncommon speed bump along the way to greater prosperity.

Exhale and have a nice day!

Charts from Yahoo Finance. Past results are not guaranteed. Investing involves risk, including loss of principal.

Risks to the Market

Two risks to your financial future include inflation and market declines triggered by asset price bubbles.

Inflation has not been a problem in the U.S. for over 30 years. Three of the biggest market declines in the last 100 years included in the Great Depression, the tech bubble and the more recent Financial Crisis. Each of these events was related to price bubbles. High stock valuations preceded the 1929 and 2000 corrections, and real estate speculation precipitated the 2008 crisis.

The fuel for asset bubbles is cheap credit that encourages risky behavior through leverage. Why does this matter? There is widespread concern, not unfounded, about the effect of rising interest rates on stock prices. But presently, short-term rates are still less than inflation. We need a positive real interest rate to support healthy economic incentives and to discourage speculation. Normalization requires more interest rate increases, contrary to President Trump’s tweets. The improving economy supports current market valuations.

The real risk of higher interest rates occurs when it begins to limit investment in otherwise productive projects. The problem with low rates is it encourages bad investment.

Recession Strategy

I am seeing a lot of ink about how to prepare for the next recession. Clients want to know what we’re doing to prepare. Investment companies are asking me which funds I think are best for the next downturn.

The real issue is not how deep the correction will be. The real concern is the duration of the decline. How long will it take to get back to even? The problem is not that the stock market will go down. The real problem is if you need to sell stock when valuations are low to fund current living expenses. That converts a temporary loss of capital into a permanent loss of capital.

I’ve been investing since the 1970’s. My education and career have focused on economics and finance. What have I learned? In my view, valuation risk is easy to observe, but timing a correction is still difficult. I recognized that the S&P 500 was overvalued in 1998, but it doubled again before getting cut in half in 2000. I observed in 1999 that the market would either go down by 50% or trade sideways for 10 years while earnings caught up. I had no idea I would be right on both counts. Despite that, a diversified portfolio including small cap, international and bonds fared much better.

Systemic risk is harder to recognize. I didn’t see the 2008 crisis coming. But it really wasn’t a stretch to see what asset class was overvalued, i.e. real estate. But then you needed to understand that banks and credit agencies were operating in a corrupt system underwritten by government agencies, that mortgage defaults would create a downward spiral as underwater homeowners defaulted, forcing prices ever lower.

We accept the unpredictable nature of corrections, and that unique circumstances precipitate them. Today, credit seems to be the most mispriced asset class, driven by government intervention. But bonds are math, and the effects of normalization should be more moderate than a speculative equity correction unless there are forces involving leverage that are not on my radar – like the mortgage security market. Still, the recovery of the past 10 years made staying invested worthwhile. We just needed to hedge for liquidity needs over the next 3 to 5 years to emerge unscathed.

What does all this mean? I believe that a heightened level of concern about the next recession or correction is healthy. As investors de-risk portfolios, valuations will be earnings driven, and that’s a good thing for fundamental investors. Certainly war, policy mistakes, and scandal can impact markets, but these events have nothing to do with the duration of a market expansion. They can happen at any time, so why should the risk seem greater now?

My favored strategy continues to be the bucket approach. One of the key benefits of a financial plan is that it identifies anticipated liquidity needs. Given that most market downturns are resolved in less than 3 to 5 years, it is prudent to establish reserves equal to your liquidity needs in something with less risk than the stock market. Accepting risk in the short-term is gambling, and gambling with what you can’t afford to lose is a bad idea. Investors have time on their side as companies continue building wealth even while the market doesn’t always correlate with that. Be prepared, be vigilant, and stay the course until fundamentals indicate otherwise.

“WE’RE BUYING STOCKS THIS MORNING, AND I’D RATHER BUY THEM CHEAPER, BUT I’VE BEEN BUYING STOCKS SINCE MARCH 11th, 1942, AND I REALLY, I BOUGHT THEM UNDER EVERY PRESIDENT, SEVEN REPUBLICANS, SEVEN DEMOCRATS I’VE BOUGHT THEM QUARTER AFTER QUARTER. SOME OF THE BUYS WERE TERRIFIC, SOME OF THEM WEREN’T AT SUCH GOOD TIMES AND I DON’T KNOW WHEN TO BUY STOCKS, BUT I KNOW WHETHER TO BUY STOCKS, AND ASSUMING YOU’RE GOING TO HOLD THEM, WOULDN’T YOU RATHER OWN AN INTEREST IN A VARIETY OF GREAT BUSINESSES THAN HAVE A PIECE OF PAPER THAT’S GOING TO PAY YOU 3% IN 30 YEARS OR SHORT TERM DEPOSIT THAT PAYS YOU 2% OF THE SORT.” WARREN BUFFETT, August 30, 2018

Investing involves risk, including loss of principal. Past results do not guarantee future results.

A Letter to Clients Regarding Current Volatility

A few of you have contacted me to ask about the current market downturn, which leaves me wondering what everyone else is thinking. Just in case you find the market unsettling, allow this perspective.

You might recall from my email with the 4th Quarter Reports, sent on January 2, I said, “The market appears fully valued and then some, by about 4%.” In January, the S&P 500 gained 5.62% on little fundamental change. That suggests that the market was overvalued by nearly 10%. On February 6, 2018, the market officially entered correction territory by trading at least 10% off its recent high. That puts it about where I suggested it should be.

I believe the market will trade +/- 10% of fair value about 95% of the time. That means that if a 20% correction occurs when the market is 10% over fair value, nothing extraordinary occurred. Someone who just watched a $2,000,000 portfolio lose $400,000 might not share my perspective, but it’s just math.

According to Deutsche Bank, the stock market averages a correction about every 357 days, or about once a year. The one before this was over 2 years ago. The next question is how long they last? According to John Prestbo at MarketWatch, a Dow Jones Company, the average correction (of 13.3%) lasted about 14 weeks.

For long-term investors, corrections represent an opportunity to purchase quality stocks at bargain prices. The price dip is only a problem if you are leveraged or are a short-term trader.
For now, I expect the market to struggle as the 10-year Treasury rate rises. This pattern is likely to continue until 1st quarter earnings are reported, and corporate write-offs associated with tax reform are behind us.

As the legendary North Carolina basketball Coach Dean Smith was known to say to his teams during timeouts near the end of close games, “Guys, we are exactly where we want to be.” The message was to focus on what you can control and execute.

As always, the first step in building a portfolio is to define the liquidity requirement so we are never forced to sell at a time not of our choosing.